黄河内蒙古段支流“十大孔兑”侵蚀产沙的时空变化及其成因   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

许炯心 《中国沙漠》2014,34(6):1641-1649

“十大孔兑”来沙造成黄河干流强烈淤积.为了通过流域治理来减轻泥沙灾害,研究“十大孔兑”侵蚀产沙过程具有重要意义.基于1960—2005年的河流输沙量、径流量和降雨量资料,运用统计方法进行了研究.结果表明:“十大孔兑”输沙量高度集中于几个大水大沙年份,其余年份对46年总输沙量的贡献很小.最大1年、最大3年、最大5年和最大10年的累积输沙量分别占到46年总输沙量的21.26%、37.18%、47.92%和69.29%.1960—1991年和1992—2005年两个时段相比,后一时段输沙量年均值减少了37%.这一差异可以用暴雨特征的差异和下垫面(如植被)的变化来解释.1991年以后,年降水量无明显变化,但最大1日降雨量在p<0.10的水平上呈现减小的趋势.虽然20世纪90年代西柳沟并未大规模实施水土保持治理,但由于农村富余劳动力转移,对土地的压力减轻,对植被的破坏大大减弱,使得植被逐渐恢复,NDVI呈增大趋势,因而侵蚀产沙减弱.“十大孔兑”产沙模数具有明显的空间分异特征,从西向东增大,在西柳沟达到最大值,然后再减小.流域自然地理因素具有明显的变化,从西向东,沙尘暴频率减小,降雨量增大.沙丘类型也发生了变化,由以流动沙丘为主变为以半固定沙丘为主,进入河道风沙的输沙强度减小.另一方面,水力驱动的侵蚀和泥沙输移从西向东增强.上述两种作用叠加的结果,在区域中部西柳沟附近出现了侵蚀产沙的峰值区.  相似文献   

内蒙古哈达门沟金矿构造演化及成矿控矿构造特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

牛树银  孙爱群  马宝军  江思宏  聂凤军  张建珍  王宝德  夏冬 《地学前缘》2015,22(1):223-237

哈达门沟金矿是内蒙古迄今最大的金矿床,具有超大型金矿床规模。金的成矿作用对岩性没有明确的选择性,而主要是受褶皱断裂构造的控制。成矿流体主要来自深源,在有利的构造扩容带中聚积成矿。研究表明,该区的构造变形从早到晚,力学性质往往从塑性到脆性,构造规模从小到大,构造类型则是褶皱与剪切带同时形成,或相间发育。该区主要经历了4个期次的强烈褶皱剪切作用,并形成了主要的成矿控矿构造。第一期构造变形时岩石的流变性较强,褶皱幅度较小,一般多表现为小规模的塑性流变褶皱,并产生了小规模韧性剪切带;第二期(主期)褶皱以乌拉山主峰为主的东西向区域规模的复式背、向斜(形),并在主期褶皱的倒转翼发育了一系列与褶皱同向延伸的脆韧性剪切带,它们构成了区域性构造薄弱带;第三期为横跨叠加褶皱,使近东西向褶皱发生了南北向蛇形弯曲,伴随该期褶皱作用形成了低绿片岩相韧脆性剪切带,为深源成矿流体的贯入与集聚成矿提供了很好的赋存空间,是主要的成矿控矿构造;第四期构造变形则以区域性隆升作用为主,使早期褶皱发生横弯褶皱的同时,还将深部形成的金矿体抬升至浅部。文中在成矿控矿构造研究的基础上,探讨了矿床成矿规律,提出了找矿远景。  相似文献   

大气三圈环流的动力系统模型          下载免费PDF全文

刘式达  付遵涛  刘式适 《地球物理学报》2014,57(6):1740-1745

定常情况下,本文利用球坐标系（λ,φ,r）的动力、热力学方程导出三维速度场（v_λ,v_φ,v_r）的动力系统.这种包括摩擦力和热传导的不可压缩大气运动的动力系统,无论从定性上还是从定量上都能描述由赤道和极地间的加热不均匀造成的三圈环流.定性上表明,在北半球经向速度v_φ和纬向速度v_λ同符号,地表刮北风（v_φ<0）和刮东风（v_λ<0）相对应,刮南风（v_φ>0）和刮西风（v_λ>0）相对应.在南半球,经向速度v_φ和纬向速度v_λ符号相反,刮北风（v_φ<0）和刮西风（v_λ>0）相对应,刮南风（v_φ>0）和刮东风（v_λ<0）相对应.定量分析表明球面上的压力场p可以用球调和函数p_l^m（sinφ）cosmλ来表达.当取l=6,m=0时即可导出三圈环流.在经圈剖面（φ,r）上,地表的φ₁=±56°和φ₂=±28°左右,以及赤道是速度场的奇点,它们都是鞍点,说明在副热带是下沉运动,在中纬度是上升运动,这正是三圈环流中的Ferrel环流的特征.这样经向速度v_φ和纬向速度v_λ相联系,经向速度v_φ又和垂直速度相联系,那么三圈环流的三维速度场就构成了一个整体.  相似文献   

Response of bankfull discharge to discharge and sediment load in the Lower Yellow River   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

Baosheng Wu  Guangqian Wang  Junqiang Xia  Xudong Fu  Yuanfeng Zhang 《Geomorphology》2008,100(3-4):366-376

This paper presents a study on the response of bankfull discharge to incoming discharge and sediment load based on long-term hydrological and bankfull discharge data measured on the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The analysis indicated that the bankfull discharge was a function of the preceding 5 to 6 years' flow regimes, revealing that bankfull channel dimensions were a result of the accumulative effect of several consecutive years' flow discharge and sediment load conditions. In other words, the mean relaxation time was about 5 to 6 years for channel adjustment. Theoretical methods for the prediction of bankfull discharge were developed, in which the response time or the relaxation time was fully considered. Testing of the methods using data observed at five hydrologic stations in the lower reaches of the Yellow River from 1960 to 2003 showed that the proposed methods can predict the variation of bankfull discharge in response to changes in the incoming discharge and sediment load. The proposed methods hold promise for predicting the magnitude and trend of channel response to other rivers undergoing aggradation or degradation from changes in hydrologic or sediment regime.  相似文献   

Development and decay of a lithalsa in Northern Québec: A geomorphological history     

Fabrice Calmels  Michel Allard  Georg Delisle 《Geomorphology》2008,97(3-4):287-299

The complete life cycle of a permafrost mound is reconstructed from its growth until its degradation. The study site is a lithalsa, which is the subject of a long-term monitoring that includes geocryological observations, measurements of permafrost properties on cores, ground temperature measurements, and observations of landform changes. The landform likely grew as a palsa under cold climatic conditions in the past. The peat cover was subsequently eroded. Early stages of degradation are witnessed since 2003 as a new thermokarst pond is starting to form though mound collapse. Settlement of the structure has been observed, and a rim ridge has begun to form. Ultimately, the lithalsa shall disappear and be replaced by a circular thermokarst pond surrounded by a rampart, similar to many other ones in the study area. The monitoring of the thermal regime of the lithalsa illustrates the pattern of internal warming and points to the causes of its degradation.  相似文献   

Pseudo-feathery dunes in the Kumtagh Desert   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Zhibao Dong  Jianjun Qu  Xunming Wang  Guangqiang Qian  Wanyin Luo  Zhenhai Wei 《Geomorphology》2008,100(3-4):328-334

The Kumtagh Desert is the last explored desert in China. The unique patterns on aerial photographs and satellite images have led previous researchers to the conclusion that the Kumtagh Desert is the only place over the world where typical feathery dunes are developed, and that some unique wind regimes are at work. Recent field investigation reveals that the feathery patterns in fact reflect the albedo contrasts between the seif dunes, bright dune-like drifts and the dark inter-dune lag sediments. The wind regime in the area containing the so-called feathery dunes is typical of the regime that produces seif dunes that were considered to be shafts of the feathery dunes, and the vanes of the feathery dunes are in fact bright dune-like drifts with indistinct height from the surroundings rather than true transverse dunes. Further analysis indicates that the sediments of seif dunes, dune-like drifts and dark inter-dune flats differ in grain size distribution, mineralogy, reflectance spectrum and particle micro-morphology. Sediments that constitute seif dunes and dune-like drifts are finer and poorly rounded, contain relatively more quartz, and hence have higher albedo, while the sediments that constitute the dark inter-dune flats are coarser and better rounded, contain far less quartz but relatively more andesite and dacite, and hence have lower albedo. As a result, what was originally perceived as unique feathery dunes are in fact only pseudo-feathery dunes composed primarily of seif dunes. This discovery also demonstrates that blowing sand drifts can form dune-like patterns that remain visible for long periods of time. It is important to distinguish between the patterns of true dunes and those of dune-like drifts (pseudo-dunes) that cause albedo contrasts in interpreting remote sensing images.  相似文献   

晚第四纪湖泊沉积物盐类与碎屑矿物反相关关系的沉积学解释   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张成琦  李育  周雪花  王岳 《冰川冻土》2015,37(1):95-108

湖泊沉积物中矿物组合是古气候环境研究的敏感性指标之一, 充分认识湖泊沉积物中各类矿物组合类型、沉积过程, 对正确解释矿物学指标有重要意义. 我国晚第四纪湖泊沉积记录中, 盐类矿物与碎屑矿物含量普遍存在反相关关系, 影响了矿物组合作为气候指标的解释和应用. 从地球科学的角度正确理解这种关系, 可以为湖泊动力学以及古气候环境定量研究提供重要的科学依据. 选择甘肃民勤盆地石羊河下游终端湖猪野泽不同位置5个全新世剖面, 在明确湖泊沉积物来源、搬运方式和沉积动力机制的基础上, 研究了以碳酸盐矿物为主的盐类矿物含量与粒度指标之间的关系. 结果表明:猪野泽各剖面砂层富含的中砂、细砂沉积物主要是来自于巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠的风成砂; 水动力作用主导了湖相沉积层200 μm以下沉积物的沉积, 风力作用对20~70 μm粉砂组分沉积也有所贡献. 同时, 猪野泽湖相沉积层中高含量的碳酸盐主要来自于流水搬运, 湖相沉积层位200 μm以下的粉砂和极细砂是碳酸盐的主要富集区. 综上所述, 干旱区湖泊沉积物中盐类矿物含量与其沉积过程密切相关, 盐类矿物在全球变化研究中的应用要建立在充分研究其沉积动力机制的基础上.  相似文献   

安徽沿长江东部春季一次大范围雾天气过程诊断分析     

付伟  何冬燕  朱琦  朱芙蓉  杜文荣  李鸾 《气象与环境学报》2015,31(1):20-27

利用地面气象观测资料、高空探测资料、NCEP再分析资料、芜湖市边界层风廓线雷达资料和高速公路气象观测站资料,分析了2012年3月6日安徽省沿长江东部大范围雾天气过程形成的环流背景及雾生消的物理条件。结果表明：安徽沿江东部地区此次春季大范围雾的性质为辐射雾,雾发生时雾区上空为西到西南风为主,无明显冷空气影响,地面为高压控制的均压场,有利于雾的生成和维持。由雾生消的物理条件可知,近地面水汽条件较好和长波辐射降温造成的水汽凝结是此次大范围雾形成的重要原因。地面辐射降温形成的近地面逆温层有利于雾的维持,且随着近地面逆温层的抬升,雾层变厚并发展。低空的逆温层则形成稳定的层结,阻止水汽向上传输。近地面风速大小合适,风垂直切变小,低层有湍流,中层无明显上升运动,构成雾形成的有利动力条件;而湿层变厚又阻止了水汽向高层交换,有利于雾的生成和维持。日出后,太阳辐射增强,有利于雾发生和维持的地面辐射降温、逆温和动力条件逐渐消失,雾逐渐消散。  相似文献   

Reconstructing the development of sampled sites on fluvial island surfaces of the Tagliamento River,Italy, from historical sources          下载免费PDF全文

Ulfah Mardhiah  Matthias C Rillig  Angela Gurnell 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(5):629-641

In parallel with research on surface sediment characteristics of evolving island features (patches) along an island‐braided reach of the Tagliamento River, Italy, the present research reconstructed the development of the sampled sites using historical information coupled with field measurements. Since any field sediment sampling programme inevitably focuses on small areas (of the order of a few metres), the historical sources were assessed bearing in mind their spatial resolution and geographical accuracy in relation to the size of the sampled sites, and the information they could provide regarding the historical evolution of those sites. The analysis combined four sources of information: (i) river stage records revealed flood events that had the potential to reset bar surfaces and float in wood and seeds to initiate vegetation colonization; (ii) oblique ground photographs identified areas of the river's active corridor where riparian vegetation colonization appeared to have been initiated by specific flood events; (iii) dendrochronology was used to estimate the age of sampled sites; (iv) field‐measured geographical locations of the sampled sites were combined with historical vertical areal imagery to further establish sampling site age and changes in vegetation cover from 1944 to 2012. A chronosequence of sampled sites (0, 2, 8, 12, 40 years) was established. Vegetation colonization and island development showed a statistically significant development trajectory among sites of each age across the 40 year period following formative floods in 1965–1966, 2000, 2004 and a flow pulse in 2010. The trajectory progressed through pioneer and building island stages until vegetated areas became part of established islands. Evidence from the younger sites indicates that the pioneer island phase lasts up to eight years. Evidence from the oldest site indicates a building island phase lasting a maximum of 30 years, but probably a lot less. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献